ArticlePolymers2026
Influence of 3D Printing Parameters on Apparent Resistivity, Repeatability and Time-Dependent Drift of Conductive PLA.
Article in Polymers, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Conductive filaments for Material Extrusion Additive Manufacturing (MEX) can enable low-cost fabrication of functional parts with embedded electrical features. However, systematic studies on process-dependent electrical properties like apparent resistivity and repeatability are limited, and the post-printing stability of the electrical response is not commonly addressed. This study evaluates the influence of printing temperature, printing speed and layer height on the apparent resistivity, specimen-to-specimen repeatability and time-dependent drift of a commercial carbon black-filled conductive PLA filament (ProtoPasta). The novelty of the study consists of evaluating not only the initial apparent resistivity, but also the repeatability between specimens and the post-print drift of apparent resistivity over a 0-50 h interval. The filament was investigated using three printing temperatures (210-230 °C), two printing speeds (60-80 mm/s) and three layer heights (0.2-0.4 mm), with three replicates per configuration. Apparent resistivity ranged between 0.156 and 0.205 kΩ·mm at t0 and between 0.162 and 0.222 kΩ·mm at t50. Multifactorial ANOVA and main-effects analyses showed that the printing temperature was the main factor affecting mean apparent resistivity at both t0 and t50. Higher temperature reduced apparent resistivity, most likely due to improved polymer flow, inter-bead/inter-layer bonding and conductive-network continuity. Printing speed had no significant main effect on the mean apparent resistivity or drift within the tested range. Repeatability depended on the parameter configuration and measurement time, with variability increasing after 24 h and then becoming mainly dependent on layer height. Drift analysis showed a significant main effect of layer height and a significant layer height × temperature interaction, with the largest increase at 0.3 mm. These results show that parameter selection for conductive MEX parts should consider both the initial resistivity level and post-print stability over time.
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