ArticleMaterials (Basel, Switzerland)2026
Flexible Graphene-Based S-Band Metasurface Conformal Array Antenna for UAV Platforms.
Article in Materials (Basel, Switzerland), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
There is a substantial demand for lightweight, low-profile, and conformal antenna integration on the wing platforms of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). This paper presents an S-band (2-4 GHz) flexible conformal metasurface array antenna based on a highly conductive graphene-assembled film (GAF). The main contributions of this work are twofold. First, flexible and highly conductive GAF is used as the conductor together with a flexible polyimide (PI) dielectric substrate to form a GAF-based wing-conformal antenna configuration with a low-profile, lightweight, and easily conformal performance. Second, a GAF conformal antenna element is developed by combining a dipole antenna with a directive and reflective frequency selective surface (FSS), achieving effective control of the beam and stable directional radiation at 2.4 GHz. Full-wave simulations using CST Studio Suite show that the directive FSS narrows the feed beam, whereas the reflective FSS redirects and narrows the H-plane radiation. The simulated results show that the integrated wing-conformal antenna operates over 2.19-2.65 GHz and achieves a gain of 4.65 dBi at 2.4 GHz. The measurement results indicate that the GAF conformal antenna and 1 × 4 GAF conformal array antenna shows measured reflection coefficients below -10 dB at 2.4 GHz and effective adjacent-element isolation. In addition, simulated results indicate that the GAF array antenna can perform beam scanning within the ±40° range, verifying the beam-control capability of this structure for UAV forward communication. Overall, this work highlights the feasibility of using GAF as a conductive material for both a high-efficiency radiator and an FSS beamforming structure, offering a practical material and design approach for lightweight, low-profile, and wing-conformal airborne array antennas.
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