ArticleFoods (Basel, Switzerland)2026
Metabolomic Characterization of Baby Spinach Phenolics Transformation During Gastrointestinal Digestion and Microbiome-Mediated Metabolism.
Article in Foods (Basel, Switzerland), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Gastrointestinal digestion and colonic fermentation determine phenolic transformation and reciprocal microbiome modulation, influencing the generation of gut-derived metabolites associated with epithelial integrity, inflammatory regulation, and metabolic homeostasis. Baby spinach phenolics possess antioxidant and microbiome-modulating potential; however, their functional efficacy is constrained by storage-induced degradation and limited gastrointestinal bioaccessibility. This study investigated phenolic transformation in fresh and stored baby spinach (4 °C and 25 °C) during simulated gastrointestinal digestion and subsequent colonic fermentation. Standardized in vitro digestion revealed limited phenolic bioaccessibility (10-15%), with storage at 25 °C accelerating oxidative degradation and reducing antioxidant capacity. Storage at 25 °C reduced TPC from approximately 465 to 265 µg GAE/g and decreased antioxidant activity by nearly 30%, whereas refrigerated storage (4 °C) better preserved phenolic stability and antioxidant capacity throughout the storage period. LC-MS/MS-based untargeted metabolomics characterized digestion-driven structural remodeling and identified diverse colonic metabolites generated during human fecal fermentation. Despite storage-induced alterations in precursor phenolics, 16S rRNA sequencing demonstrated microbiome relative microbial stability, with fermentation time exerting a stronger influence on community assembly than storage conditions. Microbial metabolism produced shared downstream metabolites, particularly phenylpropionic and flavonoid-derived intermediates. These results suggest that storage modifies phenolic availability during digestion, while gut microbial metabolism sustains the production of functionally relevant metabolites.
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