Advances in Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors for Cancer Treatment.

Keqiang Chen, Feng Zhu, Xin Li, Teizo Yoshimura

Abstract readReview

In one paragraph

Review in Cancers, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it

0cells of the map it votes in

1citing papers in PubMed

–field-weighted citation impact

1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors and Platelets from Treatment-Induced Thrombocytopenia to Complex Immune and Immune-Related Adverse Events.Cancers · 2026
Review

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

4 authors.

Keqiang ChenCancer Innovation Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-0343-3891

Feng ZhuCancer Innovation Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-9630-273X

Xin LiCancer Innovation Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.

Teizo YoshimuraCancer Innovation Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-3853-2075

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

The discovery of immune checkpoint proteins has marked a major breakthrough in cancer immunotherapy. During cancer development and progression, tumor cells exploit multiple immune checkpoint pathways to evade immune surveillance. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have been developed to restore antitumor immunity by reactivating immune cells that are functionally suppressed within the tumor microenvironment. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the regulation and therapeutic targeting of immune checkpoint proteins in cancer, covering both classical checkpoints, including PD-1, PD-L1, and CTLA-4, and emerging targets such as LAG-3, TIM-3, TIGIT, BTLA, SIRP-α, CD200, ILT4, and CD24. In addition, we summarize current clinical advances and the therapeutic potential of approved and investigational ICIs, examine the mechanisms underlying ICI resistance, and discuss future strategies to overcome resistance, highlighting the mechanisms of action and their implications for future cancer treatment.

Indexed as

cancer immunotherapyemerging immune checkpoint proteinsimmune checkpoint inhibitorsimmune checkpoint proteinstumor microenvironment

Identifiers

PMID42279386

DOI10.3390/cancers18111804

PMCPMC13257397

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata

LicenceCC BY

Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.