ReviewCancers2026
Surgical Approach to Liver Metastasis from Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors in the Era of Precision Oncology.
Review in Cancers, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Authors and funding
13 authors.
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No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are a heterogeneous group of neoplasms with increasing incidence, particularly within the gastroenteropancreatic (GEP) system. The liver represents the most common site of metastasis, and neuroendocrine liver metastases (NELMs) significantly impact prognosis, symptom burden, and therapeutic decision-making. Surgical management remains a cornerstone in the treatment of NELMs and encompasses a spectrum of strategies, including curative liver resection, cytoreductive surgery, and, in selected cases, liver transplantation (LT). Hepatic resection, although potentially curative when technically feasible, is applicable only to a highly selected subset of patients, and its benefits in terms of long-term survival and symptom control remain limited by recurrence rates and patient-related factors. Cytoreductive surgery has emerged as a valuable alternative in patients with unresectable disease, with increasing evidence supporting a ≥70% debulking threshold as sufficient to achieve meaningful clinical benefit. This approach may improve survival and quality of life, notably in symptomatic patients, and can be combined with parenchymal-sparing techniques and locoregional therapies. Liver transplantation represents a radical but potentially curative strategy for highly selected patients with liver-only disease, favorable tumor biology, and stable disease. Outcomes are strongly dependent on strict selection criteria, and appropriate patient selection remains critical. The incorporation of systemic treatments, such as somatostatin analogues, targeted therapies, and peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT), has broadened the available therapeutic options and contributed to redefining current treatment strategies. Overall, the management of NELMs requires a multidisciplinary, individualized approach guided by tumor biology, disease distribution, and patient-specific factors, with the goal of optimizing survival outcomes and preserving quality of life.
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