Observational studyInternational journal of molecular sciences2026
Association of Acute-Phase IL-6 and SAA with Cardiovascular Events and Mortality Six Years After COVID-19 Infection: An Observational Cohort Study.
Observational study in International journal of molecular sciences, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
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Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been associated with an increased long-term cardiovascular risk, potentially mediated by magnitude of the acute inflammatory response inflammation. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and serum amyloid A (SAA) are key components of the inflammatory cascade and may serve as biomarkers of post-COVID cardiovascular vulnerability. This longitudinal observational study investigated the association between post- COVID-19 infection IL-6 and SAA levels and major cardiovascular events over a six-year follow-up period. A total of 97 individuals with documented prior SARS-CoV-2 infection were included. Circulating IL-6 and SAA concentrations were measured in the acute phase. The composite endpoint included incident arrhythmia, myocardial infarction, and all-cause mortality. Biomarker distributions were right-skewed and were therefore analyzed using non-parametric methods and penalized logistic regression models. During follow-up, 14.4% of participants experienced the composite endpoint. Individuals with adverse outcomes had significantly higher IL-6 and SAA levels compared with event-free participants. IL-6 demonstrated the strongest association with mortality, whereas SAA showed particularly robust associations with the composite endpoint, and with myocardial infarction. Both biomarkers independently predicted long-term adverse events. Circulating IL-6 and SAA concentrations measured during the acute phase of SARS-CoV-2 infection were analyzed in relation to long-term cardiovascular outcomes. These findings support the hypothesis that the magnitude of the acute inflammatory response during SARS-CoV-2 infection may be associated with long-term cardiovascular outcomes and suggest that combined assessment of IL-6 and SAA may have potential utility for hypothesis-generating prognostic signal requiring validation, pending validation in larger studies.
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