Small Animal Veterinarians' Perceptions and Practices in Dog Aggression Prevention in Italy: A National Survey.

Dog aggression toward humans represents a relevant public health issue. In Italy, small animal veterinarians are expected to contribute to the early identification of at-risk situations and to aggression prevention. This study aimed to assess, through a nationwide survey, veterinarians' perception of this role, regulatory awareness, and clinical practices related to dog aggression prevention in Italy. A cross-sectional study was conducted between November 2025 and February 2026 using an anonymous online questionnaire disseminated through provincial veterinary boards to private veterinarians working in small animal practice. A total of 1088 valid responses were analyzed using descriptive, inferential, and multivariable analyses. Almost all respondents reported frequent encounters with aggressive behavior, with more than 60% managing at least five aggressive dogs per year. Although 80% recognized an active preventive role for veterinarians, only 55% were aware of the current Ministerial Ordinance and 19% had ever submitted a report to public veterinary services. Specific training in behavioral medicine was independently associated with greater regulatory awareness and reporting behavior. Strong support also emerged for mandatory owner training and early behavioral assessment. A substantial gap persists between the preventive role assigned to veterinarians and the practical implementation of preventive tools. These findings support the need for strengthened behavioral medicine training and improved integration between private practitioners and public veterinary services.