Keypoint-Based Forest Musk Deer Behavioral Recognition Method.

The traditional monitoring of forest musk deer behavior primarily relies on direct human observation or the post hoc playback analysis of ordinary surveillance videos. This approach is not only time-consuming and labor-intensive but also highly subjective, easily leading to missing or misjudged critical behavioral information. Moreover, it is difficult to achieve real-time monitoring and anomaly warning. These limitations severely constrain the efficiency of the large-scale artificial breeding of forest musk deer and the effective advancement of wild population conservation. Thus, this study proposes a forest musk deer behavioral recognition method based on an improved YOLOv8-Pose. A forest musk deer behavior image dataset covering four typical behaviors was constructed, and 18 keypoints were systematically annotated. This study designs a Dilated Spatial Pyramid Pooling-Fast (DILATED-SPPF) module and a Multi-scale Depthwise Separable Context Mixer (MDSC-Mixer) module, and integrates them into YOLOv8-Pose. Experimental results show that the improved model outperforms the original YOLOv8-Pose and comparison models such as YOLOv11/v12-Pose on key metrics of object detection (Box-mAP50 0.929, Box-mAP50-95 0.814) and pose estimation (Pose-mAP50 0.879, Pose-mAP50-95 0.565). This study further develops a visual interactive interface that intuitively presents detection results and skeleton structures. This work provides a high-precision, low-cost automated behavior analysis tool for the artificial breeding and wild conservation of forest musk deer with significant application value for enhancing the intelligence level of endangered species protection.