Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42277951›Full record

ReviewBiomarker research2026

Roles of neutrophil extracellular traps in cancer immunotherapy resistance and therapeutic targeting.

Xiaolong Li, Dongyong Shan, Li Zhou, Chaohui Zuo, Lemei Zheng, Jiwei Li, Miao Yan

Abstract readReview
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Review in Biomarker research, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Xiaolong LiDepartment of Pharmacy, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, China.
Dongyong ShanDepartment of Oncology, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, China.
Li ZhouDepartment of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China.
Chaohui ZuoDepartment of Gastroduodenal and Pancreatic Surgery, Hunan Cancer Hospital & the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
Lemei ZhengCancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China.
Jiwei LiDepartment of Pharmacy, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, China. lijiwei2021@csu.edu.cn.
Miao YanDepartment of Pharmacy, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, China. yanmiao@csu.edu.cn.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Resistance to cancer immunotherapy markedly limits clinical benefit, and neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) have emerged as critical mediators in shaping the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. The molecular components of NETs, including cell-free DNA, myeloperoxidase (MPO)-DNA complexes, and citrullinated histones (H3Cit)-have demonstrated significant clinical utility as diagnostic indicators and prognostic biomarkers for predicting disease progression and immunotherapy outcomes. Regulated by a complex network of tumor-derived signals and exosomes, NETs form dense physical barriers and promote T-cell exhaustion. This review elucidates the heterogeneity of NET formation and dissects the core mechanisms by which NETs mediate therapeutic resistance along two interrelated dimensions: spatial physical exclusion and biological functional modulation. Furthermore, we synthesize emerging strategies to target NETs-including inhibition of their formation, degradation of established barriers, and blockade of downstream interactions-with the aim of providing conceptual frameworks and translational directions for reshaping anti-tumor immunity and overcoming immunotherapy resistance.

Indexed as

Cancer immunotherapy resistanceImmune checkpoint inhibitorsNET-targeted therapiesNeutrophil extracellular trapsT-cell exhaustionTumor microenvironment

Identifiers

PMID42277951
PMCPMC13330446

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.