ArticleScientific reports2026
Virulence determinants, antifungal resistance, and genotype-phenotype associations in Candida bloodstream isolates: a three-year surveillance study from Northern India.
Article in Scientific reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Candidemia is increasingly driven by non-albicans multidrug-resistant Candida species, yet the relationship between virulence determinants and antifungal susceptibility remains incompletely understood. In this three-year surveillance study (2022-2025), 357 non-duplicate Candida bloodstream isolates from a tertiary care centre in northern India were analysed to characterize species distribution, extracellular virulence phenotypes, virulence-associated genes, and antifungal susceptibility profiles. Species identification was performed using phenotypic methods and confirmed by PCR-RFLP and MALDI-TOF MS, while antifungal susceptibility testing followed CLSI M27-A3 guidelines. Non-albicans Candida species predominated (76.8%), with Candida tropicalis as the most frequent isolate, followed by Candida albicans and Candidozyma auris. Multiplex PCR demonstrated a high prevalence of virulence-associated genes (HWP1, ALS1, SAP2, and PLB1), with concordance between gene detection and phenotypic expression of adhesion, biofilm formation, and extracellular enzyme activity. Echinocandins retained potent in vitro activity across species, whereas C. auris exhibited a multidrug-resistant phenotype, including high fluconazole resistance and reduced susceptibility to amphotericin B and caspofungin. Species-stratified analyses revealed significant positive correlations between esterase and hemolysin activity and amphotericin B minimum inhibitory concentrations in C. albicans and C. tropicalis (p < 0.01). Multivariate analysis identified elevated amphotericin B MICs and specific virulence traits as independent predictors of strong biofilm formation. These findings highlight species-specific associations among virulence expression, genetic determinants, and the antifungal response, supporting integrated surveillance approaches to improve the management of invasive candidiasis.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.