Effect of infill parameters and thermal annealing on the mechanical behavior of FDM 3D-printed polymer.

Amal Nassar, Ghada Elsayed Abouseriaa, Amal Alshorbagy, M Megahed, Eman Nassar

Abstract read

In one paragraph

Article in Scientific reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it

0cells of the map it votes in

1citing papers in PubMed

–field-weighted citation impact

1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

Experimental and Statistical Evaluation of Infill Density Effects on the Mechanical Properties of FDM-Printed PLA, ABS, PC, and PETG Engineering Materials.Polymers · 2026
Article

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors.

Amal NassarMechanical Engineering Department, Higher Technological Institute, Next to Small Industries Complex, Industrial Area 2, 10th of Ramadan City, Egypt. amal.nasser@hti.edu.eg.

Ghada Elsayed AbouseriaaDepartment of Mechanical Design and Production Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt.

Amal AlshorbagyDepartment of Mechanical Design and Production Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt.

M MegahedDepartment of Mechanical Design and Production Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt.

Eman NassarMechanical Engineering Department, Higher Technological Institute, Next to Small Industries Complex, Industrial Area 2, 10th of Ramadan City, Egypt.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

This study investigates the synergistic effects of printing parameters and thermal annealing on the mechanical performance of PLA and carbon‑fiber‑reinforced PLA (CF‑PLA). Using a full factorial design, the influence of infill pattern, density, and annealing temperature was evaluated. Results indicate that while the elastic modulus remains statistically insensitive to the investigated factors, the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and hardness are predominantly governed by material type and infill density. Notably, thermal annealing at 95 °C facilitates a transition from brittle inter‑bead separation to a cohesive failure mechanism through molecular diffusion, significantly enhancing structural integrity. Unlike continuous‑fiber composites where path orientation is dominant, this work demonstrates that for short‑fiber systems, the interaction between infill geometry and inter‑bead coalescence is the primary driver of performance. These findings provide a robust framework for optimizing the durability of functional FDM components.

Indexed as

Additive manufacturingMaterial characterizationMechanical testingProduction optimizationStructural performanceThermal post‑processing

Identifiers

PMID42277125

DOI10.1038/s41598-026-54969-0

PMCPMC13260451

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.