Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42275746›Full record

ArticleInternational dental journal2026

Effects of Smoothened Agonist Exposure on Murine Craniofacial Development.

Chuanqing Mao, Yuanjing Jiang, Zuhui Li, Wenjie Zhou, Yongzhen Lai, Chengyong Wang, Meng Lu, Weihui Chen

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Article in International dental journal, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

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3 · Its place in the literature

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4 · The record

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5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Chuanqing MaoDepartment of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China; Clinical Research Center for Oral Tissue Deficiency Diseases of Fujian Province & Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.
Yuanjing JiangClinical Research Center for Oral Tissue Deficiency Diseases of Fujian Province & Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.
Zuhui LiDepartment of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China; Clinical Research Center for Oral Tissue Deficiency Diseases of Fujian Province & Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.
Wenjie ZhouDepartment of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China; Clinical Research Center for Oral Tissue Deficiency Diseases of Fujian Province & Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.
Yongzhen LaiDepartment of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China; Clinical Research Center for Oral Tissue Deficiency Diseases of Fujian Province & Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.
Chengyong WangDepartment of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China; Clinical Research Center for Oral Tissue Deficiency Diseases of Fujian Province & Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.
Meng LuDepartment of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China; Clinical Research Center for Oral Tissue Deficiency Diseases of Fujian Province & Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.
Weihui ChenDepartment of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China; Clinical Research Center for Oral Tissue Deficiency Diseases of Fujian Province & Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China; Stomatological Hospital of Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, China. Electronic address: whchen@fjmu.edu.cn.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectiveWhile inhibition of Hedgehog (Hh) signalling is known to cause cleft lip, the effects of its hyperactivation on craniofacial development remain systematically unexplored. MATERIALS AND

methodsPregnant mice received a single intraperitoneal injection of Smoothened Agonist (SAG) (25 mg/kg) at various time points between E7.5 and E12.5. A median cleft lip model was established at E10.5. Mechanisms were assessed by analysing cell proliferation (PHH3, Ki67), apoptosis (TUNEL), and expression of cell cycle regulators (Cyclin A, B1, D1, E1).

resultsSAG administration induced craniofacial defects - including cranial bone abnormalities, hematomas, and cleft lip/palate - in a time-dependent manner. The critical window for cleft lip induction was E9.5-E10.5. Mechanistically, SAG-induced cleft lip was associated with reduced proliferation and altered expression of selected cell-cycle markers, consistent with delayed G0/G1 progression. No significant change in apoptosis was observed.

conclusionSAG is a potent teratogen that can induce cleft lip during a critical developmental window, potentially through suppression of cell proliferation and perturbation of cell-cycle progression. While its prenatal use poses significant risks, SAG also provides a useful experimental tool for generating congenital craniofacial defect models.

Indexed as

Craniofacial AbnormalitiesCyclohexylaminesSmoothened ReceptorAnimalsApoptosisCell CycleCell ProliferationDisease Models, AnimalFemaleHedgehog ProteinsIn Situ Nick-End LabelingMicePregnancyThiophenesCyclohexylaminesHedgehog ProteinsSAG compoundSmoothened ReceptorSmo protein, mouseThiophenesCell cycleCraniofacial malformationsHedgehogHematomasLip cleftSmoothened agonist

Identifiers

PMID42275746
PMCPMC13276587

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.