ArticleArchives of endocrinology and metabolism2026
The hidden impact of smoking in thyroid eye disease: a link between selenium deficiency, autoimmunity, and retinal microvasculature.
Article in Archives of endocrinology and metabolism, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveTo investigate the impact of smoking on serum selenium levels, autoimmune activity, and macular microvascular density in patients with clinically inactive thyroid-associated orbitopathy (TAO), using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA). SUBJECTS AND
methodsThis retrospective cross-sectional study included 44 patients with inactive TAO (24 smokers, 20 non-smokers) and 32 ageand sex-matched healthy controls. All participants underwent ophthalmologic evaluation and laboratory testing for thyroid hormones, selenium, and thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin (TSI). Macular vessel density was measured using spectral-domain OCTA at the superficial capillary plexus, deep capillary plexus, outer retinal layer, and choriocapillaris. Clinical activity score (CAS) was used to assess disease activity. The collected data were analyzed statistically.
resultsSmokers with TAO exhibited significantly higher CAS (p = 0.016) and TSI levels (p = 0.027), and lower serum selenium concentrations (p = 0.042) compared to non-smokers. Central superficial and deep capillary plexus densities were significantly reduced in smokers versus healthy controls (p = 0.029 and p = 0.017, respectively). No significant differences were observed between smokers and non-smokers within the TAO group, or in the outer retinal layer and choriocapillaris layers among all groups.
conclusionSmoking status was associated with lower selenium levels, higher TSI levels, and increased CAS. Furthermore, retinal microvascular attenuation detected by OCTA, even in the absence of clinical activity in TAO, may serve as a significant indicator of persistent vascular deterioration.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.