ArticleEuropean journal of sport science2026
From Intention to Execution: Pre-Race Nutrition Behaviours, Influences, and Performance Outcomes in Female Endurance Athletes at the IRONMAN World Championships.
Article in European journal of sport science, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Endurance competition preparation involves complex psychological, logistical, and sociocultural factors. This study investigated the pre-race nutrition practices of female endurance athletes, by applying a newly developed extended Theory of Planned Behaviour, including behavioural execution to the framework to capture real-world influences (ETPB-X). Using a convergent mixed-methods design, 27 female triathletes competing at the 2024 IRONMAN World Championships completed questionnaires, 48-h food diaries, and semi-structured interviews before and after the race. Quantitative data (n = 23) were analysed for energy and macronutrient intake, whereas qualitative data were thematically coded using the conceptual ETPB-X framework, incorporating attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioural control (PBC), utilitarian drivers, and behavioural execution. Only 26% (6/23) of athletes achieved carbohydrate loading guidelines (8-12 g·kg
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