ReviewFrontiers in immunology2026
Exploring the link between water-soluble vitamins and aging-associated immune system status.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
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Abstract
Background: Aging is associated with numerous physiological changes that contribute to immunosenescence and inflammaging, resulting in a decline in immune defense and an increased susceptibility to infections. Older adults are at risk of inadequate dietary intake and suboptimal supply of micronutrients, including water-soluble vitamins, even those generally considered sufficient in the overall population. These deficiencies may have relevant but often underrecognized consequences for immune function in the elderly. Objective: This review article aims to provide a well-defined overview and comprehensive assessment of the immunomodulatory properties of water-soluble vitamins in individuals aged 65 and older, with a particular focus on vitamins B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B7, B9, B12 and C. Methods: We reviewed and discussed available human-, animal- and Conclusion: Aging and insufficient plasma levels of water-soluble vitamins are both associated with immune decline and chronic inflammation. Adequate dietary intake and supplementation of vitamins B1-B12 and vitamin C may help counteract these aging-related immune alterations by supporting immune cell metabolism and reducing susceptibility to infections. Further human studies, and randomized controlled trials in particular, are required to better define the role of water-soluble vitamins in maintaining immune function during aging.
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