ArticleJournal of biological engineering2026
MelC tyrosinase-dependent enzymatic synthesis of functional melanins from phenolic monomers.
Article in Journal of biological engineering, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Sustainable microbial bioproduction offers a promising route to synthesize high-value melanin biopolymers, yet its scalability is fundamentally limited by the high cost of the L-tyrosine precursor. Here, we aimed to overcome this economic barrier by a highly efficient, engineered microbial platform that utilizes recombinant Escherichia coli expressing MelC tyrosinase to convert diverse, cost-effective noncanonical phenolic monomers into customizable melanin-like biopolymers. Among 13 screened substrates, p-Cresol (PC) and 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid were the most efficient precursors, yielding 2.40 g/L and 3.92 g/L, respectively. Structural analyses (Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared, Solid-state NMR, MALDI-TOF MS, scanning electron microscopy, Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, EPR) revealed that these biopolymers possess a native eumelanin-like amorphous architecture while exhibiting partial Dimethyl sulfoxide solubility for improved processability. The synthesized eumelanin-like pigments exhibited high thermal stability (retaining > 37% mass at 800 °C) and strong antioxidant activity, with PC-melanin outperforming conventional eumelanin by twenty-fold. Most importantly, these novel substrates are effluents of industrial and agriculture waste. Thus, this strategy frames a new method for bioremediation. These customizable eumelanin-like pigments hold strong potential for demanding industrial applications, including high-temperature coatings and advanced electronics.
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