Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42270668›Full record

ArticleScientific data2026

A high-resolution dataset on costs and greenhouse gas emissions of battery recycling in China.

Haoyang Li, Han Hao, Xin Sun, Hao Dou, Lang Mai, Tingyuan Kang, Boyu Liu, Zongwei Liu, Fuquan Zhao

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Scientific data, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Haoyang LiSchool of Vehicle and Mobility, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
Han HaoSchool of Vehicle and Mobility, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China. hao@tsinghua.edu.cn.
Xin SunIntegrated Research on Energy, Environment and Society (IREES), Energy and Sustainability Research Institute Groningen (ESRIG), University of Groningen, Groningen, 9747AG, the Netherlands.
Hao DouSchool of Vehicle and Mobility, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
Lang MaiSchool of Vehicle and Mobility, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
Tingyuan KangSchool of Vehicle and Mobility, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
Boyu LiuSchool of Vehicle and Mobility, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
Zongwei LiuSchool of Vehicle and Mobility, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
Fuquan ZhaoSchool of Vehicle and Mobility, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.

Funding

National Key Research and Development Program of China 2019YFC1908501National Natural Science Foundation of China 72122010
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

The rapid growth of electric vehicle deployment is expected to lead to a surge in retired batteries over the coming decades, drawing increasing attention to battery recycling as part of sustainability transitions. However, existing assessments of battery recycling costs and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are often conducted at coarse spatiotemporal scales, limiting their ability to capture regional heterogeneity and long-term dynamics. Here, we present a high-resolution dataset of costs and GHG emissions for hydrometallurgical recycling processes in China, covering 337 prefecture-level cities from 2020 to 2060 and disaggregated across six typical battery cathode chemistries. The dataset is constructed using a process-based framework that integrates spatial and temporal heterogeneities in battery retirements, factor costs, and energy mixes. By providing a consistent and structured representation of recycling impacts, this dataset enables comparative analyses across regions and time horizons and supports further research on secondary material impact assessment and recycling network design.

Identifiers

PMID42270668
PMCPMC13597486

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.