ArticleBMJ open2026
Associations of perceived family economy, registry-based parental education and income with adolescent psychological distress: the Young-HUNT cross-sectional studies 2006-2008 and 2017-2019.
Article in BMJ open, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
objectivesThis study aimed to investigate the associations of adolescents' self-reported family financial stress, registry-based parental household income and parental education with adolescent anxiety and depression symptoms. Additionally, we adjust these associations for parental anxiety and depression symptoms and examine potential secular changes in these associations.
designFamily linkage study, using two cross-sectional population-based health studies, the Young-HUNT study and the HUNT study. Registry-based data from Statistics Norway (SSB).
settingNorthern part of Trøndelag County, Norway.
participantsAdolescent (aged 13-19 years) participating in The Young-HUNT3 Survey (2006-2008, n=8199) and The Young-HUNT4 Survey (2017-2019, n=8066) and their parents participating in The HUNT3 Survey (2006-2008, n=50 800) and the HUNT4 Survey (2017-2019, n=56 042). MEASUREMENTS: Adolescent anxiety and depression symptoms were assessed by a short version of the Hopkins Symptom Checklist (HSCL), the five-item HSCL-5. Self-reported family financial stress was measured using a single-item question. Parental anxiety and depression were assessed by the 14-item Hospital Anxiety and Depression Rating Scale (total HADS score). Parental income and parental education were obtained from SSB. We use a multilevel mixed-effects generalised linear model.
resultsAdolescents who perceived their family financial stress as worse than others reported a higher SCL-5 total score compared with those with self-perceived average financial stress. The relative differences ranged from 1.16 (95% CI 1.09 to 1.23) in boys to 1.24 (95% CI 1.17 to 1.31) in girls. In contrast, little or no association was found between parental registry-based income or educational level and adolescents' mean SCL-5 total scores. Adjusting for parental HADS scores did not alter the estimates. With a few exceptions for girls, there was no evidence for a secular change in these associations.
conclusionSelf-perceived family financial stress, but not registry-based parental income and education, was associated with elevated anxiety and depression symptom levels in adolescents, and findings were essentially the same in Young-HUNT3 and Young-HUNT4. These findings underscore the importance of incorporating multiple measures of socioeconomic status when investigating socioeconomic inequalities in adolescent mental health.
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