Bacteriophages in the treatment of cutaneous infections and skin disorders: therapeutic advances and future directions.

SUMMARYSkin and soft tissue infections represent a major clinical challenge. This is particularly true given the rise in antimicrobial resistance, the increasing prevalence of chronic wounds, and the growing number of immunocompromised patients. Conventional antibiotic therapies are frequently compromised by multidrug-resistant pathogens, biofilm formation, and disruption of the skin microbiome, underscoring the urgent need for alternative or adjunctive antibacterial strategies. Bacteriophages, viruses that specifically infect and lyse bacteria, have re-emerged as promising therapeutic agents due to their high specificity, activity against antibiotic-resistant strains, and capacity to target biofilm-associated infections. This review provides a comprehensive overview of current advances in bacteriophage-based approaches for the treatment of cutaneous infections and skin disorders. We discuss the biological principles of phage therapy, its advantages and limitations, and the regulatory and manufacturing challenges associated with clinical translation. Particular emphasis is placed on topical and biomaterial-based phage delivery platforms, including hydrogels, nanocarriers, and adhesive wound dressings, designed to enhance phage stability, local bioavailability, and therapeutic efficacy. Furthermore, we summarize experimental and clinical evidence supporting the use of bacteriophages against the most clinically relevant skin pathogens. By integrating data from