ArticleAnimal science journal = Nihon chikusan Gakkaiho
Comparative Analysis of the Behavior of Llamas Housed in a Research Facility in Response to Different Environmental Enrichment Stimuli.
Article in Animal science journal = Nihon chikusan Gakkaiho. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Environmental enrichment (EE) is essential for promoting welfare and reducing atypical behaviors in captive research animals, but we know little about effective EE strategies for llamas (Lama glama). This study evaluated the behavioral responses to EE items provided to llamas housed in a biomedical research facility in Brazil, where they are maintained as biomodels for nanobody production. Eight EE items-including feeding, physical, and sensory stimuli-were tested through a longitudinal observational design supported by video analysis and ethograms. Descriptive statistics, repeated-measures ANOVA, and cluster analysis (K-means, hierarchical clustering, and principal component analysis [PCA]) were used to characterize behavioral patterns. Llamas showed a marked most time spent with the PVC pipe filled with hay or elephant grass, averaging 3.9 daily interactions. ANOVA indicated significant differences among animals (p < 0.001), with large effect sizes. Cluster analysis revealed two distinct behavioral profiles, confirming individual variation and identifying one llama with a unique interaction pattern. Sensory and recreational items (tire, grooming brush, and empty perforated ball) elicited low interaction, whereas forage-containing items consistently ranked highest. These findings highlight the importance of forage-based enrichment and demonstrate the value of behavioral analytics for designing dynamic EE programs that enhance welfare in llamas used in biomedical research.
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