Observational studyFrontiers in endocrinology2026
Clinical, functional, and immunological profiles across frailty subgroups in maintenance hemodialysis patient.
Observational study in Frontiers in endocrinology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Background: Frailty is a common syndrome in maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients, characterized by diminished physiological reserves and adverse health outcomes. This study explored the associations between clinical, functional, and immunological characteristics across frailty subgroups to improve understanding and guide interventions. Methods: The single-center observational study included 66 MHD patients categorized into three frailty groups (Normal, Pre-Frailty, Frailty) using Fried FRAIL scale scores. Demographic, clinical, and laboratory data, including physical performance measures, biochemical markers, and immune parameters, were collected. Immune cell subsets and inflammatory cytokines were analyzed via flow cytometry. Subgroup comparisons and correlations between immune and biological age were examined. Results: Frailty was associated with older age, reduced grip strength, lower physical activity, and higher fall prevalence. Frail patients were older (64.19 ± 14.37 years) with lower grip strength (18.00 [13.60-22.60] kg) compared to Normal patients (26.70 [20.90-30.20] kg, p < 0.001). Elevated ferritin (207.00 [106.50-297.50] μg/L) and HbA1c (6.58 ± 1.75%) levels were observed in the Frailty group. Immune markers, including effector memory CD4 Conclusions: Frailty in MHD patients is linked to distinct clinical, functional, and immunological differences. Immune age may complement traditional frailty measures as a biomarker for assessment and monitoring. A multidimensional approach could improve early detection, risk stratification, and targeted interventions.
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