The Italian Unitary Society of Colon-Proctology (SIUCP: Società Italiana Unitaria di Colonproctologia) guidelines for the management of obstructed and ineffective defecation syndrome.

The aim of these evidence-based guidelines is to present a consensus position from members of the Italian Unitary Society of Colon-Proctology (SIUCP: Società Italiana Unitaria di Colonproctologia) on the diagnosis and management of obstructed defecation syndrome (ODS), with the purpose of guiding physicians in the selection of the most appropriate treatment option. A panel of experts was appointed by the Board of the SIUCP to develop key questions addressing the main topics related to the management of ODS and to perform an accurate literature search for each topic, in order to provide evidence-based answers and to summarize them in structured statements. All clinical questions were discussed by the expert panel over multiple rounds using the Delphi approach, and consensus among the experts was achieved for each statement. The questions were formulated according to PICO (patients, intervention, comparison, outcome) criteria, and the statements were developed using the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluations) methodology. In patients with ODS refractory to first-line medical therapy, rehabilitation may be considered as a therapeutic option, particularly in cases of dyssynergic defecation, whereas a surgical approach may be indicated in patients with a high symptom score and an Oxford prolapse grade system score ≥3 on defecography (using magnetic resonance imaging or another modality). Surgical options include stapled transanal rectal resection and ventral mesh rectopexy, eventually combined, respectively, with pelvic organ prolapse suspension and sacrocolpopexy in the presence of multicompartment pelvic prolapse. A transverse perineal support procedure may be considered in the presence of excessive perineal descent. In patients with recurrent symptoms after surgery, transanal irrigation may represent a useful therapeutic option.