Observational studyBMC health services research2026
Examining the alignment between an intervention-based paramedic model of care and 9-1-1 utilization.
Observational study in BMC health services research, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundHealthcare services must align with public needs and adapt to changing healthcare landscapes to be effective. Originating from emergency medicine and public safety, the paramedic model has traditionally focused on resuscitation, emergent needs and patient transportation. However, increased volume of non-emergent cases and a broadening use of paramedics suggest a potential misalignment with public utilization patterns. This study evaluates the alignment of paramedicine's model of care with the public's health requirements.
methodsA retrospective observational cohort study analyzed electronic patient care records completed by paramedics following patient interactions from January 1, 2017, to June 30, 2023, assessing the use of an existing model of care during paramedic responses across urban, suburban, and rural communities in Ontario, Canada. Each patient interaction was assessed for the presence or absence of interventions included in the provincial Advanced Life Support Patient Care Standards, used as a model of care framework for this region. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to explore alignment.
resultsA total of 1,244,537 patient-initiated 9-1-1 calls from six paramedic services were examined. Only 20% (n = 249,312) of incidents involved the existing model of care, with a distinct ordinal reduction pattern of interventions as patient acuity levels decreased. No significant explanatory differences or predictors were observed in age, sex, dispatch priority assigned prior to arrival, or location of the event. Receiving medical care was associated only with conditions of cardiac arrest, cardiac ischemia and gastrointestinal symptoms. This sample of events suggests patients access care using the 9-1-1 system mostly for non-emergency events that do not align with the current model of care.
conclusionsFor patients who access healthcare using the 9-1-1 system, this study identifies a limited correspondence between the current intervention-based paramedic model of care and patterns of 9-1-1 utilization. These findings suggest that the existing model of care is applied in a minority of encounters. Prevailing paradigms guiding core paramedic systems may need to be reconsidered or augmented.
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