Running Assessed Maximal Oxygen Uptake Increases with Participant Classification Framework Tier in Overall Cross-Country Skiing Performance: A Systematic Review with Meta-regressions.

Steven E Morton, Laura J Forrest, Mykolas Kavaliauskas, Chris Easton, Kurt Rumley, Tom W Macpherson

Abstract readSystematic Review

In one paragraph

Synthesis in Sports medicine - open, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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4 · The record

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5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors.

Steven E MortonSport and Physical Activity Research Institute, School of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Glasgow, UK.

Laura J ForrestSport and Physical Activity Research Institute, School of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Glasgow, UK.

Mykolas KavaliauskasSport and Physical Activity Research Institute, School of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Glasgow, UK.

Chris EastonInstitute of Life and Earth Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK.

Kurt RumleySportscotland Institute of Sport, Stirling, UK.

Tom W MacphersonSchool of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle, UK. tom.macpherson@northumbria.ac.uk.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6943-7302

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundPrevious research in cross-country skiing (XCS), frequently emphasises the importance of maximal oxygen uptake (VO

objectiveThe aim of this study was to conduct meta-analyses of VO

methodsElectronic databases were searched, up to November 2024, using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Data were extracted from the included studies (n = 78), with participant groups separated by exercise mode and sex, and retrospectively scored using the PCF. Random effects meta-regressions with sub-grouping were conducted, to calculate pooled mean values by PCF tier, standard error, and 95% confidence intervals.

resultsSufficient data were only present for inferential analysis of running based protocols. VO

conclusionPerformance prediction is multifaceted, particularly within XCS where numerous physiological parameters are compounded by multiple skiing techniques. These findings emphasise the importance of VO

Identifiers

PMID42262695

DOI10.1186/s40798-026-01001-4

PMCPMC13250001

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