ArticleLasers in medical science2026
Monte Carlo simulations of optical propagation in human skin using experimentally measured laser parameters.
Article in Lasers in medical science, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
To simulate light propagation in human skin irradiated with laser sources emitting at 660 nm, 830 nm, and 904 nm, using different beam diameters and divergences, in order to characterize the internal fluence rate distribution profiles within the tissue. Monte Carlo simulations were performed using the GPU-accelerated MCX platform. Optical properties (absorption and reduced scattering coefficients) were experimentally obtained from human skin samples and incorporated into a three-dimensional voxel-based model. Laser parameters, including output power, beam radius, and divergence, were experimentally characterized and used as input for simulations. The effects of wavelength, beam divergence, and source radius on axial and spatial fluence rate distribution were quantitatively evaluated under controlled power conditions. All wavelengths exhibited exponential attenuation with comparable depth-dependent behavior within the first millimeters of tissue. Beam radius significantly modulated surface peak fluence rate and central-axis magnitude at depth under constant total power. In contrast, real divergence values typical of commercial devices produced minimal changes in axial fluence under contact-mode conditions, whereas large theoretical divergence angles markedly reduced fluence retention and increased lateral spread. Among the investigated variables, beam radius exerted the strongest influence on subsurface fluence magnitude under constant power, whereas wavelengths within the therapeutic window (660-904 nm) showed comparable attenuation behavior in superficial tissue. Realistic divergence values typical of commercial devices minimally affected axial fluence under contact-mode conditions, while larger angular spreads significantly reduced central-axis fluence retention.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.