Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42262631›Full record

Observational studyInternational ophthalmology2026

Use of electronic health records to examine margin-to-reflex distance in patients without eyelid conditions affecting position.

Jason W Zhou, Fritz Gerald P Kalaw, Bharanidharan R Saseendrakumar, Sally L Baxter, Catherine Y Liu, Bobby S Korn, Don O Kikkawa

Abstract readObservational Study
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Observational study in International ophthalmology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Jason W ZhouUC San Diego Department of Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmic Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Viterbi Family Department of Ophthalmology and Shiley Eye Institute, University of California San Diego, 9415 Campus Point Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
Fritz Gerald P KalawDivision of Ophthalmology Informatics and Data Science, Viterbi Family Department of Ophthalmology and Shiley Eye Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
Bharanidharan R SaseendrakumarDivision of Biomedical Informatics, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
Sally L BaxterDivision of Ophthalmology Informatics and Data Science, Viterbi Family Department of Ophthalmology and Shiley Eye Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
Catherine Y LiuUC San Diego Department of Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmic Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Viterbi Family Department of Ophthalmology and Shiley Eye Institute, University of California San Diego, 9415 Campus Point Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
Bobby S KornUC San Diego Department of Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmic Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Viterbi Family Department of Ophthalmology and Shiley Eye Institute, University of California San Diego, 9415 Campus Point Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
Don O KikkawaUC San Diego Department of Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmic Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Viterbi Family Department of Ophthalmology and Shiley Eye Institute, University of California San Diego, 9415 Campus Point Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA. dkikkawa@health.ucsd.edu.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3738-3864

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

purposeTo characterize reference margin-to-reflex distance 1 (MRD1) measurements across different demographic factors, age, sex, race, and ethnicity, using a large electronic health record-derived (EHR) dataset.

methodsThis was a single-institution observational, cross-sectional study of adult patients seen in an academic oculoplastics division from October 2018 to June 2023. MRD1 values were extracted from structured data fields and free-text progress notes. Patients with diagnoses known to affect MRD1 (e.g. dermatochalasis, ptosis) were excluded from the study. Univariate analysis was conducted using one-way ANOVA and post hoc testing, while multivariable analysis testing was done through a linear mixed-effects regression model.

resultsA total of 6231 patients and 11,932 reference MRD1 values were analyzed. MRD1 decreased by approximately 0.2 mm (mm) per decade of life (p < 0.001). Female sex was associated with higher MRD1 measurements (3.38 vs 3.003, p < 0.001), while Asian race was associated with lower MRD1 values (2.99 vs 3.32, p < 0.001).

conclusionsMRD1 values vary significantly by age, sex, and race. These findings provide reference values for MRD1 within a clinical oculoplastics population accounting for demographic factors.

Indexed as

Electronic Health RecordsEyelidsAdultAgedCross-Sectional StudiesFemaleHumansMaleMiddle AgedReference ValuesRetrospective StudiesElectronic health recordMargin-to-reflex distanceOculoplastic surgeryPtosisReference eyelid measurements

Identifiers

PMID42262631
PMCPMC13249627

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.