ArticleMolecular biology reports2026
Rainfall and minimum temperature modulate the expression of CsβCH and CsCCD1 genes in saffron stigma and improve its quality: comparison of traditional, non-traditional and indoor sites.
Article in Molecular biology reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
backgroundClimate change is emerging as a big challenge to Saffron (Crocus sativus L.), which is among the most valuable and costly spice crops worldwide. MATERIALS AND
methodsThe present study investigated the effect of key weather parameters viz., solar radiation, rainfall and temperature (max, min, average) on gene expression of CsβCH (Beta carotene hydroxylase) and CsCCD1 (Carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 1) genes and saffron quality in one traditional saffron growing area (Pampore), three non-traditional areas (Mirgund, Anantnag, Udhampur) and one controlled environment (indoor) site.
resultsThe study revealed that saffron from field locations of Pampore (0.88; 0.93) and Mirgund (0.71; 1.16) exhibited significantly higher expression levels for both CsβCH and CsCCD1 genes, respectively, corresponding with higher levels of crocin, picrocrocin and safranal content. In contrast, saffron from Anantnag (0.37; 0.48) and Udhampur (0.33; 0.37) showed comparatively lower expression for these two genes and reduced metabolite accumulation. The content of all the three major apocarotenoids viz. Crocin, Picrocrocin and Safranal were found to be highest in Controlled (280.59, 82.66, 36.44) environment, followed by Pampore (215.81, 79.50, 39.78) and Mirgund (212.14, 107.76, 40.62). Among different weather parameters, rainfall and minimum temperature had significant effect on saffron quality (crocin). A minimum temperature of 10℃ during the flowering phase (1st Oct-10th Nov), combined with lower rainfall of 240-265 mm, enhanced saffron quality.
conclusionThis is the first report comparing indoor and in-field grown saffron (both traditional and new areas) of the highest-altitude saffron-growing regions of the world, viz- north-western Himalayas of Kashmir, India. The study links weather variables with gene expression and metabolite profiles, providing mechanistic insights into climate-mediated regulation of saffron quality.
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