ArticleInternational journal of general medicine2026
Prevalence of HSV-1, HSV-2, EBV, and HHV-8 Co-Infections Among HPV-Positive Women: A Cross-Sectional Study from Iran.
Article in International journal of general medicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Background: Interactions between human papillomavirus (HPV) and co-infecting herpesviruses remain incompletely understood. This study assessed the prevalence of HSV-1, HSV-2, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), and HHV-8 among HPV-positive women in Iran, and evaluated associations with HPV genotypic risk groups and genotype multiplicity. Methods: This cross-sectional study analyzed 303 residual cervical cytology samples from HPV-positive women. Herpesviruses were detected using multiplex real-time PCR. Associations between herpesvirus positivity and HPV variables were examined using Logistic regression, Fisher's Exact Test and nonparametric statistics. Results: Co-infection of HPV with herpesviruses were detected in 20 of 303 samples (6.6%; 95% CI: 4.1-10.0), including HSV-1 in 2 samples (0.7%), HSV-2 in 10 samples (3.3%), EBV in 8 samples (2.6%), and HHV-8 in none of the samples. No significant associations were found between herpesvirus positivity and HPV risk group or HPV genotype multiplicity (p>0.05). Multivariable models did not identify independent predictors; analyses were limited by the low number of herpesvirus-positive cases and wide confidence intervals. Conclusion: Co-infection of HPV with herpesviruses were uncommon among HPV-positive women and were not measurably associated with HPV genotype patterns. The low event frequency and cytology-based sampling likely contributed to nondetection of associations. Studies using tissue-based sampling, HPV-herpesvirus viral load, and high-grade lesions are needed to clarify potential viral synergism.
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