ArticleClinical and translational medicine2026
Single-cell profiling reveals peripheral blood immune landscape remodelling in breast cancer lymph node metastasis.
Article in Clinical and translational medicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
backgroundAxillary lymph node (LN) metastasis significantly impacts breast cancer (BC) prognosis. The role of the systemic immune environment in promoting metastasis remains unclear.
objectivesThis study describes peripheral blood immune alterations associated with LN metastasis in BC patients.
methodsPeripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from six BC patients with LN metastasis-positive (Pos) and negative (Neg) underwent single-cell RNA/T-cell receptor sequencing (scRNA-seq/scTCR-seq). Findings were validated by in vitro functional experiments and single-cell data from additional 14 BC tissues.
resultsscRNA-seq identified pro-metastatic immune subpopulations enriched in Pos group: neutrophil_RSAD2 with expressing interferon-stimulated genes (ISG) and neutrophil_MMP9 with expressing pro-angiogenic factors, and immunosuppressive CD4Treg_FOXP3 and cytotoxic-exhausted TandNK cells CD8Teff_GZMH and NKT_GNLY; and anti-metastatic CD8Teff_CCL5 in Neg group. Pos group showed expanded large clonal T cells expressing cytotoxicity markers GZMH/GNLY. LGALS9‒HAVCR2 checkpoint interactions were elevated in Pos group through the neutrophil/mononuclear phagocyte (MP)‒MP/TandNK axis, which was associated with an immunosuppressive microenvironment and metastatic status. These pro- and anti-metastatic immune signatures and LGALS9‒HAVCR2 axis were confirmed by in vitro experiments and consistently observed in BC tissues. Furthermore, functional co-culture assays established a causal relationship: interferon-stimulated neutrophils secreted LGALS9 and impaired their cytotoxic function on T cells. Conversely, neutralising LGALS9 or disrupting this axis restored T-cell-mediated tumour cell killing.
conclusionLN metastasis is associated with a remodelled systemic immunity, enriches immunosuppressive neutrophils and TandNK cells and activates LGALS9‒HAVCR2 signalling. These findings reveal immune signatures associated with LN metastasis status and identify candidate biomarkers and therapeutic targets warranting further validation.
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