Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42259866›Full record

ArticleScientific reports2026

Guidelines for selecting variability measure in limited-size ANOVA experiments.

Mara Gabbrielli, Elena Valkama, Roberta Calone, Simone Bregaglio, Luisa Manici, Giorgio Ragaglini, Alessia Perego, Marco Acutis

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PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Scientific reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Mara GabbrielliDepartment of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria 2, Milan, 20133, Italy.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-5753
Elena ValkamaUnit of Bioeconomy and Environment, Sustainability Food Systems and Society, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Kulttuurikuja 1, Turku, 20800, Finland.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8337-8070
Roberta CaloneConsiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l'analisi dell'economia agraria (CREA), Centro di ricerca Orticoltura e Florovivaismo, Corso degli Inglesi 508, Sanremo, 18038, Italy. roberta.calone@crea.gov.it.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0645-8576
Simone BregaglioConsiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l'analisi dell'economia agraria (CREA), Centro di ricerca Agricoltura e Ambiente, Via di Corticella 133, Bologna, 40128, Italy.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8381-2626
Luisa ManiciConsiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l'analisi dell'economia agraria (CREA), Centro di ricerca Agricoltura e Ambiente, Via di Corticella 133, Bologna, 40128, Italy.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2798-4428
Giorgio RagagliniDepartment of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria 2, Milan, 20133, Italy.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4072-089X
Alessia PeregoDepartment of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria 2, Milan, 20133, Italy.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0601-9699
Marco AcutisDepartment of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria 2, Milan, 20133, Italy.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1576-8261

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Graphical representation of variability is essential for accurately communicating scientific results in applied sciences. In ANOVA experiments with a low number of replicates (n), the selection between pooled or individual standard deviations (SDs) poses a methodological challenge. The aim of this study is to offer practical guidelines to help researchers decide whether to use pooled or individual SDs in tables and figures, when the number of replicates is low. This study uses extensive Monte Carlo simulations (over 2,000 scenarios) to investigate the distributional behaviour of SD estimates across different replications and heterogeneity levels. We compare the performance of pooled versus individual SDs using the Mean Absolute Deviation (MAD) from the true population values, and we evaluate the utility of Levene's and F

Indexed as

Pooled standard deviationSmall sample sizeStandard deviation reportingVariance heterogeneity

Identifiers

PMID42259866
PMCPMC13490610

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.