SynthesisCancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII2026
Optimizing the clinical assessment of pseudoprogression in patients with solid tumors treated with checkpoint inhibitors: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis of associated features.
Synthesis in Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Navigating the immunosuppressive abyss: current hurdles and innovative breakthroughs in neoadjuvant immunotherapy for osteosarcoma.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundPseudoprogression is an atypical response pattern observed during treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors (CPIs) that can complicate clinical decision-making. It is characterized by initial radiologic progression followed by subsequent tumor regression or stabilization, with confirmation requiring repeat imaging. We aimed to characterize the clinical and imaging features of confirmed pseudoprogression in solid tumors treated with CPIs using pooled study data.
methodsWe systematically searched MEDLINE, Embase, and Web of Science through December 2025. Prospective and retrospective cohort studies and randomized trials reporting confirmed pseudoprogression during CPI therapy were eligible. Two independent reviewers performed study selection and data extraction using predefined criteria. Study quality was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute checklist. Pooled analyses were conducted with RevMan and Stata. Outcomes included time to initial radiologic progression, magnitude of tumor burden increase, occurrence of new lesions, changes in nontarget lesions, and subsequent objective response.
resultsThirteen retrospective studies were included; most applied iRECIST criteria. The pooled median time to initial progression was 2.52 months (95% CI, 1.54-3.51). Mean tumor burden increase was 33.0% (95% CI, 22.7-43.3), and new lesions occurred in 35.3% of cases. Tumor burden increases > 100% were rare (3.9%). Despite initial progression, 41.8% subsequently achieved partial response and 6.4% complete response without therapy change. Median time to best response was 2.79 months (95% CI, 0.62-7.20).
conclusionsPseudoprogression typically occurs early during CPI therapy and is associated with modest tumor growth. Marked tumor increases are uncommon and may help distinguish true progression. Careful clinical and radiologic assessment remains essential.
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