ReviewClinical, cosmetic and investigational dentistry2026
Regenerative Potential of Exosomes from 3D Spheroid-Cultured Stem Cells Compared with 2D Culture in Dentin-Pulp Regeneration: A Systematic Review.
Review in Clinical, cosmetic and investigational dentistry, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
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Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Purpose: This systematic review aimed to evaluate the current preclinical evidence on exosomes derived from three-dimensional stem cell culture systems and their direct or indirect relevance to dentin-pulp regeneration. Exosomes derived from stem cells have emerged as promising mediators of tissue regeneration because of their ability to transfer bioactive molecules that regulate cellular communication and tissue repair. Recent studies suggest that exosomes obtained from three-dimensional (3D) spheroid cultures may exhibit enhanced regenerative properties compared with those derived from conventional two-dimensional cultures. Methods: A systematic review was conducted following the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Electronic searches were performed in PubMed, Scopus, and ProQuest databases to identify relevant studies investigating exosomes derived from 3D cell culture systems with potential relevance to dentin-pulp regeneration. Studies were screened according to predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data extraction focused on cell sources, exosome isolation methods, characterization techniques, and biological effects related to dental pulp regeneration. Results: Ten studies met the inclusion criteria. The included studies demonstrated that exosomes derived from 3D spheroid cultures may enhance angiogenesis, support odontogenic differentiation, reduce inflammatory responses, and promote regenerative tissue repair. Several studies also reported increased expression of regenerative markers and improved cellular proliferation when compared with exosomes derived from conventional two-dimensional cultures. However, only a limited number of studies directly investigated dentin-pulp-related outcomes, while several provided indirect mechanistic evidence from non-dental preclinical models. Conclusion: Exosomes derived from three-dimensional culture systems show promising potential as a cell-free therapeutic strategy for dentin-pulp regeneration. These vesicles may improve tissue repair through enhanced biological activity. However, the current evidence remains mainly preclinical, heterogeneous, and partly indirect. Further standardized experimental studies and clinical investigations are required to validate their translational application in regenerative endodontic therapy.
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Registered trials
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