ArticlePCN reports : psychiatry and clinical neurosciences2026
Psychometric properties, pragmatic screening cut-offs, and feasibility of two Clock Drawing Test formats in older psychiatric outpatients: Associations with MMSE and HDS-R.
Article in PCN reports : psychiatry and clinical neurosciences, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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1 citing paper in PubMed.
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
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Abstract
Aim: To compare the psychometric properties, pragmatic screening cut-offs, and feasibility of two Clock Drawing Test (CDT) formats in older psychiatric outpatients. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 447 outpatients aged ≥65 years who completed the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), the Hasegawa Dementia Scale-Revised (HDS-R), and two CDT formats scored using the Freedman method: a free-drawn clock (CDT1) and an examiner-provided clock face (CDT2). Pearson correlations, forced-entry multiple regression models, exploratory factor analyses, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses were used. Possible cognitive impairment was operationally defined as MMSE ≤ 23 and/or HDS-R ≤ 20. Administration time was summarized in a convenience subsample ( Results: Mean (SD) age was 80.20 (5.15) years, and mean education was 11.74 (2.36) years. CDT totals correlated positively with MMSE and HDS-R totals ( Conclusion: Both CDT formats showed clinically useful psychometric properties and similar pragmatic cut-offs in older psychiatric outpatients. CDT1 favored sensitivity, and CDT2 favored specificity at the same threshold. The CDT was highly feasible in routine practice, requiring approximately 2 min to administer.
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