ArticleFrontiers in sports and active living2026
Slow paced breathing and power posing: a pre-competitive ritual during an American football season.
Article in Frontiers in sports and active living, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Background: Psychological interventions before sports competition may be associated with changes in physical performance; however, the nature of sports practice usually limits the report of the benefits of psychology in this context. In this way, longitudinal studies offer a viable strategy for analyzing the impact of psychological preparation in competitive sports. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the potential influence of an intervention using slow-paced breathing and power posing on pre-competitive anxiety throughout a season in an amateur American Football team. Methods: A pre-experimental repeated-measures design with a single group was employed, consisting of a 9-week intervention. Thirty-four amateur athletes aged 16-18 years ( Results: A reduction in one dimension of pre-competitive anxiety and a substantial increase in self-confidence were observed after the third week of the intervention. Conclusion: Findings are discussed in relation to the Individual Zones of Optimal Functioning (IZOF) model, highlighting the potential role of psychological techniques on emotional states preceding competition. The study concludes by proposing the development of longitudinal intervention protocols to monitor psychological processes across different sports disciplines.
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