Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42255401›Full record

ReviewJournal of experimental orthopaedics2026

Advances in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: Risk stratification, graft choices, and functional recovery in 2026.

M Enes Kayaalp, Efstathios Konstantinou, Gian A Lucidi, Oğuzhan Ak, Natalie Mengis, Koji Nukuto, Hamit C Kahraman, Erdem A Sezgin, Robert Prill

Abstract readReview
In one paragraph

Review in Journal of experimental orthopaedics, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Review
  2. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

M Enes KayaalpDepartment of Orthopaedics and Traumatology University of Health Sciences, Istanbul Fatih Sultan Mehmet Training and Research Hospital Istanbul Türkiye.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9545-7454
Efstathios KonstantinouDepartment of Orthopaedic Surgery and Musculoskeletal Trauma University Hospital of Larisa, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly Larisa Greece.
Gian A LucidiII Clinica, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli Bologna Italy.
Oğuzhan AkFaculty of Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology Gazi University Ankara Türkiye.
Natalie MengisDepartment of Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology Kantonsspital Baselland Bruderholz Switzerland.
Koji NukutoDepartment of Orthopaedic Surgery Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine Kobe Japan.
Hamit C KahramanDepartment of Orthopaedics and Traumatology University of Health Sciences, Istanbul Fatih Sultan Mehmet Training and Research Hospital Istanbul Türkiye.
Erdem A SezginFaculty of Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology Gazi University Ankara Türkiye.
Robert PrillDepartment of Orthopaedics and Traumatology University Hospital Brandenburg/Havel, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane Brandenburg Havel Germany.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4916-1206

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Purpose: To synthesize recent developments in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR), highlighting emerging evidence, evolving surgical strategies, and persistent controversies in risk stratification, graft selection, surgical planning and rehabilitation. Methods: A narrative review of the recent literature (2023-2026) was conducted, incorporating randomized controlled trials, systematic reviews, large registry analyses and emerging studies. The review focused on evolving concepts in graft selection, imaging-guided surgical planning, biomechanical risk factors, neuromuscular recovery and long-term outcomes following ACL reconstruction. Results: Quadriceps tendon autografts have gained prominence for their robust dimensions and low donor-site morbidity, with bone-block variants potentially enhancing rotational stability. Imaging innovations-3D mapping, navigation and individualized morphometrics-improve tunnel precision. New studies reinforce posterior tibial slope, notch shape and hyperextension as critical anatomical risk factors. Neuromuscular training techniques such as VR-based rehabilitation, blood flow restriction, and individualized strength timelines improve functional symmetry and readiness. Registry data show rising ACLR rates, especially among young females, and link failure to younger age, high activity, delayed surgery and septic arthritis. PROMs correlate poorly with objective performance, underscoring the need for integrated assessment. Long-term outcomes remain favourable across graft types, with no consistent differences in osteoarthritis progression. Conclusion: ACLR is transitioning toward a precision-based, individualized model. This paradigm shift integrates anatomical risk profiling, tailored graft selection, and multimodal rehabilitation to optimize both biological and functional outcomes. Yet, unresolved questions, around pediatric predictors, repair techniques, and real-world adherence, highlight the need for ongoing refinement. The field is evolving from reconstruction toward comprehensive restoration, grounded in anatomy, technology and behavioural science. Level of Evidence: Level V, narrative review.

Indexed as

anterior cruciate ligament reconstructionarthroscopypatient‐reported outcome measuresrehabilitationrisk assessment

Identifiers

PMID42255401
PMCPMC13239410

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.