ArticleInternational journal of dentistry2026
Clinical Investigation of Periodontal Health in Smoker and Nonsmoker Individuals.
Article in International journal of dentistry, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Clinical Investigation of Periodontal Health in Smoker and Nonsmoker Individuals.International journal of dentistry · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Vaping, argileh, and electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) smoking are becoming popular among adolescents and conventional smokers. While the impact of conventional smoking on oral tissues is well-established, the impact of other types of smoking on oral health is still unknown. This cross-sectional study aimed to compare pro-inflammatory cytokine levels, especially interleukin (IL)-1β and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-8 in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) between nonsmokers and different types of smokers. The plaque index (PI), bleeding on probing (BOP), and probing depth (PD) were also examined. Methods: Demographic data were collected from 112 participants attending the Jordan University Hospital using a questionnaire. The groups included were nonsmokers and smokers of either cigarettes, argileh, vaping, or a combination of different types. Besides the basic clinical examination, pro-inflammatory cytokine levels were measured using ELISA. Results: The mean PI was significantly lower in nonsmokers compared to the combination smoking group and to all smoking groups combined ( Conclusions: Within the limitations of this study, smoking status was not associated with significant differences in GCF levels of IL-1β and MMP-8 among periodontally healthy and gingivitis participants. However, differences in BOP were observed between specific smoking groups, suggesting that smoking modality may influence clinical inflammatory presentation.
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Registered trials
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