ReviewFrontiers in microbiology2026
Microbial contamination of medicines, medical devices, cosmetics, child and personal care products: a comprehensive review of secondary contamination risks in home-use settings.
Review in Frontiers in microbiology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Development and Optimization of Retinyl Palmitate-Loaded Oleogel and Nanoemulsion Designed with Potential for Microneedling Treatment.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
While various compliance with Good Manufacturing Practice and regulations ensures the safety and quality of manufactured products across the supply chain, the transition from controlled environment to home use represents a lurking hazard for microbial contamination, particularly among vulnerable populations. This comprehensive review examines the nature, extent, and clinical significance of microbial contamination in home-use medicines, medical devices, cosmetics, and personal care products, identifying common patterns and prevention strategies across product categories. Literature searches of PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar identified studies examining secondary contamination of consumer-use products applied to skin and mucous membranes. Five categories were analyzed: medicines (eye drops, nasal irrigation devices), medical devices (nebulizers, breast pumps), infant care equipment (feeding bottles, pacifiers), cosmetics (mascara, lipsticks, eyeliners), and personal care products (contact lens cases, toothbrushes). Results showed that contamination rates ranged from 2 to 100% across products despite quality control and stringent regulation oversights. The predominant microbial contaminants were
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