ArticleUltrasound (Leeds, England)2026
AFMD Master: An open-source software for automated extraction of artery flow-mediated dilation from vascular ultrasound videos with validation against manual analysis.
Article in Ultrasound (Leeds, England), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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4 authors.
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Abstract
Introduction: Artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD) is a non-invasive method for assessing vascular endothelial function and cardiovascular disease risk. Flow-mediated dilation is calculated as the percentage increase in arterial diameter following a post-ischemic increase in blood flow through ultrasound analysis. Manual extraction of flow-mediated dilation scores is time-consuming, operator-dependent, and prone to variability. Automated software solutions for processing ultrasound data could enhance efficiency, accuracy, standardisation, and scalability for clinical and research applications, especially when distributed as free, open-source tools accessible even to non-coders. However, no current software tools reporting these features are available for automatic flow-mediated dilation extraction. Methods: We developed aFMD Master, a free, open-source software tool with an intuitive graphical interface designed for non-coders. The software is compatible with most of the videos from different ultrasound scanners, extracts arterial diameters, and outputs PDF reports and Excel datasheets with flow-mediated dilation scores. Validation was conducted by comparing software outputs with manually obtained data from 115 participants, using scatter plots, Bland-Altman analysis, and other appropriate statistical metrics. Results: Strong correlation between the software and manual methods was obtained ( Conclusions: Validation showed excellent agreement with manual analysis, confirming accuracy, low bias, and consistency. The aFMD Master offers an accessible and reliable solution for automated flow-mediated dilation analysis, showcasing significant potential for research and clinical applications.
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