Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42254277›Full record

ArticleBiological psychiatry global open science2026

Impairment of Executive Functions in Premenstrual Syndrome: State or Trait?

Anna Madeleine Gnaiger, Patricia Werlein, Patricia Gruschwitz, Magdalena Siebers, Alina Panzik, Erika Comasco, Esmeralda Hidalgo-Lopez, Belinda Pletzer

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Article in Biological psychiatry global open science, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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0citing papers in PubMed
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1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

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Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Anna Madeleine GnaigerDepartment of Psychology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.
Patricia WerleinDepartment of Psychology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.
Patricia GruschwitzDepartment of Psychology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.
Magdalena SiebersDepartment of Psychology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.
Alina PanzikDepartment of Psychology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.
Erika ComascoDepartment of Women's and Children's Health, SciLifeLab, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
Esmeralda Hidalgo-LopezDepartment of Psychology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.
Belinda PletzerDepartment of Psychology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Background: The aim of this study was to explore whether cognitive impairments in women with premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) are phase-dependent or persist across the menstrual cycle. Furthermore, we investigated whether such deficits are limited to working memory (WM) or also extend to inhibitory control (IC). Methods: A total of 105 regularly cycling women between the ages of 19 and 35 years were tested across 3 menstrual cycle phases (mid-follicular, mid-luteal, and late luteal). Premenstrual symptoms were tracked across 2 cycles. Fifty-one women were allocated to the PMS/PMDD group, and 54 women served as control participants. WM and IC were assessed using the n-back and stop signal task, respectively. Hormone levels were determined using saliva samples. Results: WM deficits in the PMS/PMDD group emerged under high cognitive load and did not vary by cycle phase. The PMS/PMDD group also had significantly longer stop signal reaction times across all cycle phases, with stop signal reaction times positively correlating with premenstrual symptom severity. There was no significant correlation between performance measures and gonadal hormone levels. Conclusions: Cognitive impairments in PMS/PMDD appear to be trait-like and affect both WM and IC. Additionally, IC was significantly associated with premenstrual symptom severity. Executive deficits may underlie difficulties in emotion regulation and are not solely attributable to gonadal hormone levels.

Indexed as

Executive functioningHormone sensitivityInhibitory controlPremenstrual dysphoric disorderPremenstrual syndromeWorking memory

Identifiers

PMID42254277
PMCPMC13235494

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.