ArticleAnnals of medicine and surgery (2012)2026
The quiet cost of gender bias in the operating room.
Article in Annals of medicine and surgery (2012), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
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Abstract
Surgical specialties continue to be dominated by men, even though women make up more than 50% of medical school graduates. Female surgeons' self-esteem, career paths, and well-being are destroyed by overt discrimination and microaggressions, which also have an impact on team dynamics and patient safety. Women in surgery report widespread bias, from being mistaken as nurses to receiving fewer highly complex cases, which contributes to emotional burnout, obstructed skill-learning, and premature career termination. The hidden "time taxes" of additional planning and self-monitoring, which go beyond the typical obstacles, reduce output and limit creativity. We support structured mentorship programs, clear criteria for case allocation and promotion, clear leadership commitment to gender parity in the operating room, and institution-wide implicit bias training as ways to break these long-standing trends.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.