Impact of dispatcher-assisted cardiopulmonary resuscitation, advanced life support training, and physician experience on out-of-hospital cardiac arrest outcomes in Mostar: a 10-year retrospective cohort study.

Background: Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) is a major public health challenge, with survival to hospital discharge rarely exceeding 10%. This study evaluated the association of dispatcher-assisted CPR (DA-CPR), advanced life support (ALS) training, and physician experience with OHCA outcomes in Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina, a resource-limited emergency medical service (EMS) system. Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study encompassing all OHCA cases recorded in the Mostar region between 2013 and 2022. Dispatcher-assisted CPR was formally implemented in early 2018. Accordingly, patients were stratified into two groups: the pre-implementation period (2013-2017) and the post-implementation period (2018-2022). The primary outcome was return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) and the secondary outcome was survival to hospital discharge. Results: A total of 308 OHCA cases were included. ROSC was achieved in 88 patients (28.6%) Conclusions: Dispatcher-assisted CPR and ALS-trained physician involvement were associated with higher odds of ROSC, while none of the examined variables showed an association with survival to hospital discharge. Early resuscitation gains did not translate into final outcomes in this resource-limited EMS system. Improving survival will require coordinated system strengthening, particularly public-access defibrillation and standardized post-resuscitation care.