ArticleJournal of extracellular biology2026
Single-EV Analyses Require Rigorous Antibody Qualification: PD-L1 Profiling in Cell Models and Patient Plasma.
Article in Journal of extracellular biology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Authors and funding
13 authors.
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Abstract
Imaging flow cytometry (IFCM) has emerged as a powerful method for high-throughput phenotyping of small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) at single-vesicle resolution. However, the reliability and sensitivity of IFCM critically depend on the performance of the antibodies used. In this study, we systematically compared several commercially available anti-PD-L1 antibodies for their ability to detect PD-L1-positive sEVs. Despite being derived from the same clone, antibodies from different manufacturers showed striking differences in labelling efficiency. These findings demonstrate that antibody validation for cellular targets does not ensure suitability for single-EV analysis and underscore the need for rigorous, application-specific qualification. To address this, we developed a robust IFCM workflow in full alignment with MIFlowCyt-EV reporting standards. Using a qualified anti-PD-L1 antibody, we achieved reproducible detection of PD-L1
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