ArticleBrain, behavior, & immunity - health2026
Immunomodulatory effects of cannabis use: a multi-omics study in people living with HIV.
Article in Brain, behavior, & immunity - health, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Authors and funding
18 authors.
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Abstract
Background: Cannabis is one of the most commonly used substances worldwide. Cannabinoids are known to have anti-inflammatory effects. However, cannabis is mainly smoked, resulting in exposure to reactive particles, toxins and oxidants, inducing pro-inflammatory effects. Because the net immunological effect of cannabis use on systemic inflammation and immune function has barely been studied in humans, we assessed this in a large cohort of people living with HIV (PLHIV), while taking into account the effects of tobacco use. Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed in 1895 PLHIV on antiretroviral therapy. Cannabis use was assessed by self-report (MATE-Q) and validated by plasma mass spectrometry. Systemic inflammation was assessed using by measuring 2365 plasma proteins. Immune function was assessed by measuring Results: Cannabis use was associated with 15 upregulated and 50 downregulated plasma proteins. These downregulated proteins were involved in leukocyte-mediated cytotoxicity, NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity and the transcriptional regulation of white adipocyte differentiation, amongst other pathways. On the other hand, the production of monocyte- and lymphocyte derived cytokines did not differ between cannabis users and non-users, apart from increased MCP-1 production upon stimulation with IL-1α. Finally, with regards to circulating immune cell phenotypes, cannabis use was only associated with increased numbers of CD27 Conclusions: Cannabis use was mainly associated with reduced levels of systemic inflammation-related proteins, but showed limited effect on the function and phenotypes of circulating immune cells. Future studies should further explore the clinical consequences of these anti-inflammatory effects.
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