ArticleFrontiers in psychology2026
Validation of the Chinese version of trait mental toughness inventory for sport in young basketball players: a confirmatory factor analysis.
Article in Frontiers in psychology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Background: Mental toughness represents a fundamental psychological construct crucial for athletic performance, yet its measurement across diverse cultural contexts remains challenging due to the predominance of Western-developed instruments. This study conducted the first comprehensive validation of the Chinese version of the Trait Mental Toughness Inventory for Sport (TMTIS-C) among young basketball players in China. Methods: A cross-sectional design was employed with 604 secondary school basketball players (ages 12-19) from Shandong Province, China. The TMTIS was culturally adapted through rigorous translation procedures, including forward-backward translation, expert review, and cognitive debriefing. Confirmatory factor analysis was conducted using Mplus 8.7 with Maximum Likelihood Robust estimation, while reliability was assessed through internal consistency and test-retest procedures with a 55-participant subsample. Results: The three-factor structure (Positive Effort, Antipressure, and Endurance) demonstrated excellent model fit in both initial (CFI = 0.959, TLI = 0.956, RMSEA = 0.04) and final models (CFI = 0.965, TLI = 0.962, RMSEA = 0.037). All factor loadings exceeded 0.60, with composite reliability values ranging from 0.871 to 0.950. Convergent and discriminant validity were confirmed through average variance extracted (0.542-0.600) and Fornell-Larcker criterion. Test-retest reliability coefficients were excellent across all dimensions (ICC = 0.945-0.973). Conclusion: The TMTIS-C represents a psychometrically robust and culturally appropriate instrument for assessing mental toughness in Chinese young athletes, providing researchers and practitioners with a reliable tool for cross-cultural mental toughness research and supporting the development of culturally sensitive interventions in Asian sporting contexts.
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