Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42253097›Full record

ArticleThe Journal of infectious diseases2026

Birth Cohort Effects in Adults Associated With Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 Vaccine Effectiveness.

Feng Liu, F Liaini Gross, Zhunan Li, Stacey L House, Tamair Curley, Elie A Saade, Zainab Albar, Richard K Zimmerman, Mary Patricia Nowalk, Manjusha Gaglani and 17 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in The Journal of infectious diseases, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

27 authors.

Feng LiuInfluenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.
F Liaini GrossInfluenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.
Zhunan LiInfluenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.
Stacey L HouseDepartment of Emergency Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri.
Tamair CurleyDepartment of Emergency Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri.
Elie A SaadeUniversity Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Ohio.ORCID 0000-0002-2514-3820
Zainab AlbarUniversity Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Ohio.
Richard K ZimmermanDepartment of Family Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.ORCID 0000-0001-5941-6092
Mary Patricia NowalkDepartment of Family Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.ORCID 0000-0002-1702-2690
Manjusha GaglaniDepartment of Pediatrics, Baylor Scott & White Health.ORCID 0000-0002-3952-9230
Spencer RoseDepartment of Pediatrics, Baylor Scott & White Health.ORCID 0009-0001-5211-4144
Vel MuruganCollege of Health Solutions and Health Observatory, Arizona State University, Phoenix.ORCID 0000-0002-7368-7742
Bradley BobbettBiodesign Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Arizona State University, Tempe.
Emily T MartinSchool of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.ORCID 0000-0002-5771-8895
Ivana A VaughnDepartment of Public Health Sciences, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, Michigan.ORCID 0000-0002-7201-0289
Karen J WernliKaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Seattle, Washington.ORCID 0000-0001-7945-0327
Erika L KiniryKaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Seattle, Washington.
Emmanuel B WalterDuke Human Vaccine Institute.
Olivia L WilliamsDuke Human Vaccine Institute.
Lauren GrantInfluenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.ORCID 0000-0002-8656-3538
Emma K NobleInfluenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.ORCID 0000-0002-0365-817X
Kelsey M SumnerInfluenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.
Ashley M PriceInfluenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.ORCID 0000-0002-1480-2843
Brendan FlanneryInfluenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.
Jessie R ChungInfluenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.
Min Z LevineInfluenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.ORCID 0000-0002-3197-1649
US Flu VE Network Investigators

Funding

University of Pittsburgh Clinical and Translational Science InstituteUL1TR001857 · NCATS · UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH AT PITTSBURGH · PI REIS, STEVEN E · 2016 to 2025
$129.3M
JG CDC HHS 5U01 IP001180-02JG CDC HHS 5U01 IP001181-02JG CDC HHS 5U01 IP001182-02JG CDC HHS 5U01 IP001184-02JG CDC HHS 5U01 IP001189-02JG CDC HHS 5U01 IP001191-02JG CDC HHS 5U01 IP001193-02JG CDC HHS 5U01 IP001194-02NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR001857NCIRD CDC HHS U01 IP001180NCIRD CDC HHS U01 IP001181NCIRD CDC HHS U01 IP001182NCIRD CDC HHS U01 IP001184NCIRD CDC HHS U01 IP001189NCIRD CDC HHS U01 IP001191NCIRD CDC HHS U01 IP001193NCIRD CDC HHS U01 IP001194NIH HHS UL1TR001857University of Pittsburgh
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundIn 2023-2024 influenza season, adults in the 1957-1985 birth cohort had the lowest vaccine effectiveness (VE) against A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses than other age groups, including those in the 1986-2005 birth cohort. We investigated A(H1N1)pdm09 antibody levels in sera collected from influenza cases and controls to explain the birth cohort effect of the low VE.

methodsAcute and convalescent sera were collected from adults (1986-2005 and 1957-1985 birth cohorts) during 2023-2024. Hemagglutination inhibiting (HI) and binding antibodies were assessed against representative A(H1N1) viruses and hemagglutinin antigens.

resultsA(H1N1)pdm09-infected cases in the 1957-1985 birth cohort had significantly lower HI antibodies in the acute sera against circulating A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses than 1986-2005 birth cohort. Over 60% of the cases in the 1957-1985 birth cohort had HI antibodies ≤10 to circulating A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses. Nonetheless, vaccinated cases in the same 1957-1985 birth cohort mounted robust antibody responses to A(H1N1)pdm09 virus infection, suggesting low vaccine immunogenicity. Antibody landscape analysis revealed that these patients born in 1957-1985 with the lowest VE were likely primed with USSR/77-like A(H1N1) viruses.

conclusionsHI antibody levels in the acute sera were associated with protection against influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 infection. Improving the immunogenicity of the vaccines could help improve VE and overcome the birth cohort effects.

Indexed as

Antibodies, ViralBirth CohortInfluenza A Virus, H1N1 SubtypeInfluenza, HumanInfluenza VaccinesVaccine EfficacyAdolescentAdultAgedFemaleHemagglutination Inhibition TestsHumansMaleMiddle AgedYoung AdultAntibodies, ViralInfluenza VaccinesA(H1N1)pdm09 virusantibody responsebirth cohortinfluenza vaccine effectiveness

Identifiers

PMID42253097
PMCPMC13668338

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.