ArticlePediatric pulmonology2026
The Role of Macrophage M1/M2 Polarization Imbalance in the Pathogenesis of Immune Associated Diffuse Alveolar Hemorrhage: Evidence From the Study of Human Clinical Specimens.
Article in Pediatric pulmonology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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7 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundAn imbalance in M1/M2 macrophage polarization has been shown to play a critical role in the pathogenesis of diffuse alveolar hemorrhage (DAH) in mouse models. However, its contribution to immune-associated DAH in humans remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the role of macrophage M1/M2 polarization imbalance in the pathogenesis of immune-associated DAH in children.
methodsA total of 24 children with immune-associated DAH (DAH group) and 13 children with acute airway foreign body or mild benign airway stenosis (control group) were enrolled. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was obtained via bronchoscopy, and supernatant was isolated by centrifugation. Cytokine levels in BALF supernatant were measured using a cytometric bead array. Monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) were stimulated in vitro with BALF supernatant. The mRNA expression levels of M1 markers (IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, TGM2) and M2 markers (CD163, MRC1) were quantified using real-time PCR. Protein expression of surface markers (CD14, CD80, CD86, CD163, CD206) was analyzed by flow cytometry.
results(1) Levels of MCP-1, IL-6 and IL-8 in BALF supernatant were significantly higher in the DAH group than those in the control group. (2) MDMs stimulated with BALF supernatant from the DAH group showed significantly elevated mRNA expression of IL-1β and IL-6 and significantly reduced expression of MRC1 compared to those stimulated with control supernatant. (3) Flow cytometry revealed significantly higher CD86 expression and significantly lower CD163 and CD206 expression in MDMs treated with DAH group BALF supernatant.
conclusionThis study provides evidence that macrophage M1/M2 polarization imbalance contributes to the pathogenesis of immune-associated DAH in humans, highlighting a potential target for immunomodulatory therapy.
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