ArticleThe New phytologist2026
A cyclo-DOPA 6-O-glucosyltransferase-mediated route for gomphrenin I biosynthesis in Basella alba and Gomphrena globosa.
Article in The New phytologist, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Advances in Betalain Biosynthesis and Metabolic Engineering for Sustainable Natural Pigment Production.Biotech (Basel (Switzerland)) · 2026Review
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11 authors.
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Abstract
Betacyanins are red pigments characteristic of Caryophyllales and show considerable structural diversity, yet the enzymatic basis underlying 6-O-glucosylated betacyanins, such as gomphrenin I, has remained unclear. In particular, how alternative glucosylation patterns contribute to betacyanin diversification is poorly understood. Here, we identified cyclo-DOPA glucosyltransferases from Basella alba and Gomphrena globosa and examined their roles in gomphrenin I biosynthesis using transient expression assays and tobacco BY-2 cell systems. Phylogenetic analyses, structural modelling, and site-directed mutagenesis were employed to investigate their functional and structural characteristics. BacDOPA5/6GTs catalysed both 5-O- and 6-O-glucosylation of cyclo-DOPA, leading to the production of betanin and gomphrenin I, whereas GgcDOPA6GT specifically mediated gomphrenin I formation. These enzymes belong to distinct subclades within the cDOPA-GT family, and mutational analyses demonstrated essential roles for conserved histidine residues and an α-helical region adjacent to the catalytic site. Thermal stability analyses further showed that gomphrenin I is more thermally stable than betanin, likely due to the formation of an intramolecular hydrogen bond. Together, these results reveal an additional cDOPA6GT-mediated route for gomphrenin I biosynthesis and provide insight into the diversification and functional specialisation of betacyanins, linking the position of glucosylation to pigment stability and biochemical properties.
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