ArticleScientific reports2026
Integrated assessment of CI engine combustion and catalyst durability with graphene- infused Pongamia pinnata biodiesel.
Article in Scientific reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
The need for sustainable fuels in compression ignition (CI) engines is highlighted by the escalating energy crisis and stringent emissions regulations. This study examined diesel- Pongamia methyl Ester (PME) blends (B10, B20, B30) and their graphene-infused counterparts (30 ppm; B10Gr, B20Gr, and B30Gr) at 1500 rpm under various loads in a single cylinder CI engine. In addition to the comparatively unexplored topic of catalytic converter durability, the investigation concentrated on combustion, performance, and emission behaviour. Because of the improved atomisation and catalytic effects of graphene, B20Gr produced the highest brake thermal efficiency (27.5%) among the tested fuels, outperforming both neat diesel (25.8%) and plain B20 (25.1%). Nox levels remained high even though biodiesel blends showed a decrease in CO and HC emissions. After 500 h of operation, energy- dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis showed accelerated carbon deposition on the catalytic converter, which produced a 33% reduction in service life with B20 and B20Gr compared to diesel. The results indicate that graphene-enriched Pongamia bio-diesel can greatly enhance engine performance, however for long term sustainability, strategies to prevent after-treatment degradation are necessary for its wide spread use.
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