ArticleAnimal microbiome2026
The price of survival: comparative adaptation to high altitudes between yaks and cattle.
Article in Animal microbiome, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
The yak (Bos grunniens) serves as an exceptional model for studying high-altitude adaptation mechanisms due to its evolutionary success in the hypoxic environment of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Previous research has largely focused on genetic and physiological traits of yaks; however, the interactions between rumen microbiota and host physiology under hypoxic conditions are poorly understood. As the largest digestive organ in ruminants, the rumen and its microbiota play a central role in digestion and host nutrition. In this study, a comparative analysis of digestive metabolism and rumen microbiota was carried out in yaks and cattle (Bos taurus) under two distinct atmospheric oxygen scenarios: baseline (2,200 m) and hypoxic (3,800 m). Our findings reveal that yaks have developed unique microbial strategies to cope with energy deficits in hypoxic stress. These strategies include a shift in rumen microbiota toward amino acid degradation, providing more available energy substrates for host utilization, and enhanced long-chain fatty acid biosynthesis, enabling more efficient energy storage and utilization. This improves energy acquisition in yaks despite their reduced nutritional intake. However, this metabolic adaptation comes at a physiological cost - reduced microbial crude protein (MCP) synthesis, leading to elevated ruminal NH
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