ArticleBMC oral health2026
Compositional design and formulation study of hydroxyapatite-chitosan nanocomposite-modified conventional glass ionomer cement: influence of composition and loading on mechanical, interfacial, and antibacterial properties.
Article in BMC oral health, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
objectivesTo prepare hydroxyapatite/chitosan (HA/CTS) nanocomposites at four weight ratios (85/15, 70/30, 50/50, 30/70) and two concentrations (3 and 5 wt.%), incorporate them into conventional glass ionomer cement (GIC), and evaluate their effect on compressive strength, shear bond strength to dentin, and antibacterial activity. MATERIALS AND
methodsHA/CTS nanocomposites were synthesized by co-precipitation and characterized by TEM and FTIR. Nine groups were prepared (n = 10): one unmodified control (Group I) and eight modified groups (Groups II-IX). Compressive strength was tested per ISO 9917-1:2007; shear bond strength to human dentin and antibacterial activity (agar diffusion against Streptococcus mutans, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli) were also evaluated. One-way and two-way ANOVA with Tukey's HSD were applied (P ≤ 0.05).
resultsTEM confirmed nanoscale particles (7-50 nm) with dispersion improving at higher chitosan content. FTIR verified dual-phase incorporation and Ca
conclusionsThe 70/30 HA/CTS nanocomposite at 3 wt.% optimizes compressive strength, while the 85/15 at 5 wt.% optimizes dentin adhesion. Overall, the 70/30 HA/CTS nanocomposite at 3 wt.% demonstrated the most favorable balanced performance profile across both mechanical outcomes. The absence of detectable antibacterial activity under the present agar diffusion testing conditions may be related to chitosan immobilization within the nanocomposite matrix and the diffusion limitations of the assay method. Findings suggest the potential for application-specific optimization of HA/CTS-modified GIC under controlled in vitro conditions, pending further long-term and in vivo validation. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: HA/CTS nanocomposite modification enhanced the mechanical and adhesive performance of conventional GIC under the present experimental conditions. The observed improvement in compressive and shear bond strength across the modified formulations may support improved marginal integrity in esthetic GIC restorations. Two application-specific optimal formulations were identified based on the functional demands of the restoration site, with the 70/30 HA/CTS nanocomposite at 3 wt.% representing the most favorable overall formulation combining enhanced compressive strength with clinically acceptable dentin adhesion; however, further long-term and in vivo validation remains necessary before definitive clinical translation.
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